Outliners may be used in content creation instead of general word processors for capturing, organizing, editing, and displaying knowledge or general textual information. One side effect of the use of both Roman numerals and uppercase letters in all of these styles of outlining is that in most alphabets, "I." Whether phrases (in a topic outline) or complete sentences (in a sentence outline) are used, topics and subtopics should be parallel in form. In addition to being used as a composition tool during the drafting process, outlines can also be used as a publishing format. Professors often hand out to their students at the beginning of a term, a summary of the subjects to be covered throughout the course in the form of a topic outline. may be an item at both the top (A-head) and second (B-head) levels. Topic outlines list the subtopics of a subject, arranged in levels, and while they can be used to plan a composition, they are most often used as a summary, such as in the form of a table of contents or the topic list in a college course's syllabus. An integrated outline is generally prepared after the scholar has collected, read and mastered the literature that will be used in the research paper. This eliminates the need to have separate documents, as outlines easily include other outlines just by adding to the tree. This is usually not problematic because lower level items are usually referred to hierarchically. Shields and Rangarajan (2013) recommend that new scholars develop a system to do this. Some call the Roman numerals "A-heads" (for "A-level headings"), the upper-case letters, "B-heads", and so on. – Wilma R. Ebbitt and David R. Ebbitt, "Writer's Guide and Index to English. It is a computer program, or part of one, used for displaying, organizing, and editing hierarchically arranged text in an outline's tree structure. So rather than being arranged by document, information is arranged by topic or content. Outlines are further differentiated by the index prefixing used, or lack thereof. The prefix is in the form of Roman numerals for the top level, upper-case letters (in the alphabet of the language being used) for the next level, Arabic numerals for the next level, and then lowercase letters for the next level. A reverse outline is an outline made from an existing work. A decimal outline uses only numbers as prefixes. The first draft can be written using smaller blocks of time.[13]. ], and digitized outlines, such as those contained within an outliner (which are much more useful). Reverse outlining is like reverse engineering a document. An outline, also called a hierarchical outline, is a list arranged to show hierarchical relationships and is a type of tree structure. The scheme recommended by the MLA Handbook,[8] and the Purdue Online Writing Lab,[9] among others, uses the usual five levels, as described above, then repeats the Arabic numerals and lower-case letter surrounded by parentheses (round brackets) – I. The decimal outline format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the whole, as shown in the following sample outline: Special types of outlines include reverse outlines and integrated outlines. You can how much time it would take to complete the whole piece and which part would take more time. Ensure that all items have at least two subtopics or none at all. An outline in an outliner may contain as many topics as desired. An outliner (or "outline processor") is a specialized type of word processor used to view, create, build, modify, and maintain outlines. Similar to section numbers, an outline prefix is a label (usually alphanumeric or numeric) placed at the beginning of an outline entry to assist in referring to it. This page was last edited on 15 October 2020, at 09:10. So, the ninth sub-item (letter-I) of the first item (Roman-I) is item I. I., and only the top level one is item I. The outlines described in this article are lists, and come in several varieties. [2][3][4][5][6] An outline may be used as a drafting tool of a document, or as a summary of the content of a document or of the knowledge in an entire field. MLA style is sometimes incorrectly referred to as APA style,[10] but the APA Publication Manual does not address outline formatting at all. Because of its use in the US Code and other US law books, many American lawyers consequently use this outline format. If most of your notes can be shaped into topic sentences for paragraphs in the rough draft, you can be relatively sure that your document will be well organized. They are also used for goal and task management (including personal information management and project management), and for writing books and movie scripts. ... hierarchical outlines are rare in quantitative writing, and the researcher is well advised to stick to the standard outline unless there are compelling reasons not to."[14]. The simplest diagram of an outline looks like this: – James A.W. (1) (a) – and does not specify any lower levels,[8][9] though "(i)" is usually next. Outlines can presented as work's table of contents, but they can also be used as the body of a work. Structure and Properties of Sync”. For a successful and high-quality research paper, however, the more detailed outline you use the better. Heffernan, et al., "Writing: A College Handbook.". If more levels of outline are needed, lower-case Roman numerals and numbers and lower-case letters, sometimes with single and double parenthesis can be used, although the exact order is not well defined, and usage varies widely. Propædia is the historical attempt of the Encyclopædia Britannica to present a hierarchical "Outline of Knowledge" in a separate volume in the 15th edition of 1974. Here is a common format used in constructing a formal outline: Note that subtopics are indented so that all letters or numbers of the same kind appear directly under one another. 1. a) (1) (a) i) – capital Roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, Arabic numerals with a period, italic lowercase letters with a single parenthesis, Arabic numerals with a double parenthesis, italic lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and italic lowercase Roman numerals with a single parentheses, though the italics are not required). An integrated outline can be a helpful tool for people with writer's block because the content of the paper is organized and identified prior to writing. ", – Gary Goshgarian, "An Argument Rhetoric and Reader. The conclusion. The process is less overwhelming because it can be separated into manageable chunks. [12] These notes can then be tied to the paper through the integrated outline. Propædia had three levels, 10 "Parts" at the top level, 41 "Divisions" at the middle level and 167 "Sections" at the bottom level, numbered, for example, "1. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the A-heads and B-heads, while often keeping the B-heads and C-heads together. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is capitalized, as in the following sample: Thesis statement: E-mail and internet monitoring, as currently practiced, is an invasion of employees' rights in the workplace. The body. Textual information is contained in discrete sections called "nodes", which are arranged according to their topic-subtopic (parent-child) relationships, sort of like the members of a family tree. The introduction. An outline is used[1] to present the main points (in sentences) or topics (terms) of a given subject. It is a list used to organize the facts or points to be covered, and their order of presentation, by section. A special kind of outline (integrated outline) incorporates scholarly sources into the outline before the writing begins.[16]. A topic outline is especially useful for short documents such as letters, e-mails, or memos...For a large writing project, create a topic outline first, and then use it as a basis for creating a sentence outline. This is where the subject or topic is introduced. Most word-processing programs contain an outline feature that allows writers to … An integrated outline is a composition tool for writing scholastic works, in which the sources, and the writer's notes from the sources, are integrated into the outline for ease of reference during the writing process. The graphical counterpart to outliners are mind mappers. An alphanumerical outline uses alternating letters and numbers to identify entries. Merriam-Webster's manual for writers and editors (1998, p. 290) recommends that the section headings of an article should when read in isolation, combine to form an outline of the article content. Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. There are two main styles of outline: sentence outlines and topic outlines. Each item in an outline may be divided into additional sub-items. The points or topics are extracted from the work, and are arranged in their order of presentation, by section, in the outline. For further levels, the order is started over again. This way the scholar reviews all of the literature before the writing begins. Outliners are used for storing and retrieving textual information, with terms, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs attached to a tree. An integrated outline is a helpful step in the process of organizing and writing a scholarly paper (literature review, research paper, thesis or dissertation). The structure and content is combined and the author can write a small section at a time. Create an outline first. Another alternative scheme repeats all five levels with a single parenthesis for the second five – I) A) 1) a) i) – and then again with a double parenthesis for the third five – (I) (A) (1) (a) (i). 1. a. i. D. 3. Outlines are usually in the form of a list divided into headings and subheadings that distinguish main points from supporting points. Ideally, you should follow the four suggestions presented here to create an effective outline. Many outlines include a numerical or alphanumerical prefix preceding each entry in the outline, to provide a specific path for each item, to aid in referring to and discussing the entries listed. When loaded into an outliner, an outline may be collapsed or expanded to display as few or as many levels as desired. Outlines are differentiated by style, the inclusion of prefixes, and specialized purpose. A. ", "Two types of outlines are most common: short topic outlines and lengthy sentence outlines. Outlines are used for composition, summarization, and as a development and storage medium. 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